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Navigation Materials For Survival

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Navigation Materials For Survival
 

Navigation is the knowledge to know the state of the field that will be encountered, our position in the wild and determine the direction and purpose of the trip in the wild. Knowledge of land navigation include reading of maps, compass use, use of natural signs that help us in determining the directi. Knowledge of land navigation is a very important provision for us to mingle with the wild weeds of the meadow, up the mountain wilderness. For it requires tools such as topographic map, ruler, compass, connector, protractor, altimeter, pencil
 
TOPOGRAPHY MAP  

Map is a picture of the earth's surface is reduced by a certain scale as needed. Map drawn on a flat surface with a specific projection systems. Map used for outdoor activities is Pete Topography. Topographic map is a representation on flat planes of all or part of the earth's surface seen from above dare minimized by comparison of a certain size. Topographic maps depict the projection of the physical part of the earth, so with this map can be estimated form the earth's surface. The shape of the earth relief on topographic maps depicted in the form of contour lines. In using a topographic map must be considered the completeness of the map, namely:
  • The title is the identity map depicted on the map, write the name of regional or other identities that stand out.
  • Making a statement of information regarding the manufacture and agencies maker. Listed at the bottom left of the map.
  • Numbers Map (Map Index) is a number that indicates the number of maps. Listed at the top right.
  •  Map Sheet division is the explanation of the numbers of other maps are drawn around the map that is used, aims to facilitate the interpretation of the classification map if you need a wider area.
  • Coordinate system is the intersection between the two coordinate axes. Kinds of coordinates are:
  1. Geographic coordinates is the axis that is used is a line of longitude (BB and BT), which intersects the line of latitude (N and LS) or a mention coordinates using latitude and longitude. Coordinates using degrees, minutes and seconds. Eg Co 120 ° 32 '12 "longitude 5 ° 17' 14" LS.
  2. Grid coordinates are the intersection between the abscissa axis (x) with the ordinal (y) at grid coordinates. The position of a point expressed in the measure of distance (meters), south to the north and west to east from the point of reference.
  3. Local coordinates for ease of reading coordinates on a map that does not exist gridnya, can be faring lines like a grid on the map. scale number of geographic and grid coordinate system is located on the edge of the map. Both sistern this coordinate system is internationally accepted. But in reading the often confusing, hence the reading of coordinates is made simpler or not read in its entirety. "For example: 72 100 mE read 21, 9 ° 9700 mN read 97, and others." 
  •  Map scale is the ratio of distance on the map with the actual horizontal distance on the field or the field. Flat map, the distance formula can be written
    
 

Food In Survival

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Food In Survival
Food is one important factor in survival techniques, how do we get it dialam and which one is safe for consumption requires knowledge of its own, therefore an outdoor enthusiasts should at least know a little bit of science and zoology BIOLOGY PRACTICAL ... this will be very helpful when the condition particular, support for the protection of one's body from the food that the body is required to add calories, provide power to the muscles, and replace damaged cells. Source - the source of food:
A. Food From Animals: 
   foods can be eaten survival include:
    1. Animal soft (wood worm, worms, slugs, snails etc.)
    2. Insect
    3. Reptile
    4. Birds (Partridge)
    5. Vertebrate

B. Foods from plants 
     Plants provide carbohydrates and fiber, especially improving digestion. General characteristics of edible        plants:
        • The young plants (shoots / shoot)
        • Plants that do not contain latex
        • Plants that are not hairy
        • Plants that do not smell less pleasant
        • Plants are eaten by mammals such as: monkey
    
    The necessary steps will eat plants if: 
  1. Eat plants which are well known
  2. Do not Eat just one kind of plant it
  3. Do not eat the plants whose fruits are purple because it feared to contain toxic alkaloids
  4. How to eat fruits that are not yet known to us is to put some into the waiting hands of reaction, if there   are no strange taste (hot, bitter) is quite safe then to the lips, tongue with the same procedure after    which the meal wait 30 minutes if not no reaction means safe
  5. We recommend that you cook in advance which parts of the plant will be eaten
  6. Better not eat mushrooms because most species of fungi are poisonous.  
  Examples of edible plants:  
    a. bulb land: taro, potato, Besusu, soil nails
    b. the bars: young umbut banana, sagu, honey grass, bamboo shoots 



    c. fruit: coconut, strawberry, strawberry forests, palm etc.


    d. grain: rice, corn, nut-grass madura
    e. Interest: turi, banana
    f. leaf: Rasamala, melinjo, stems and leaf begonia, water lettuce (arnong)





    g. buds / shoots: fir


                                                     

Survival

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survival techniques
 
Activities in the outdoors is fun, because we can see, admire and learn about the almighty god of creation. The reason for doing activities in the wild, among others, as a means of sport, hobby, education, training, study or just relax enjoying the natural beauty (refreshing). These activities vary depending on activities such as hiking, diving, surfing or field practice in the wild.
Things to consider before undertaking activities in the outdoors is preparation and planning activities mature, includes the preparation of equipment / supplies, health and physical condition, the cost for the activity and location data megenai activities, track, weather, terrain.
In doing outdoor activities, a traveler should equip themselves with knowledge survival. Survival comes from the word meaning survive able to defend themselves from specific circumstances. In this case able to defend themselves from a bad situation and critical. Survivors are people who are defending themselves from a bad situation. And the human effort to get out of the difficulties encountered. These difficulties include: The state of nature (weather and terrain), state of living things around us (animals and plants), state of self (mental, physical, and health), number of the difficulties they will usually arise from our mistakes own.
The objec there are several factors that determine a Survivor can survive or not. Among others: mental, approximately 80% survival lies our readiness preformance of our mental readiness.And the need for human survival because of the effort to get out of the difficulties encountered. These difficulties include the state of nature (weather and terrain), state of living things around us (animals and plants), state of self (mental, physical, and health) and the difficulties that typically arise from our own mistakes.
Meaning of survival itself there are various kinds of versions, which we will discuss here only the version according to nature lovers
* Survival Needs
Which must be owned by a survivor 
 
  1. Mental attitude, among others, to keep alive the spirit, confidence, common sense, discipline and plans mature, the ability to learn from experience.
  2. Knowledge, among others, how to make a bivouac, how to get water, how to get food, how to make fire, knowledge of field orientation, how to overcome the interference of animals, how to seek help.
  3. Experience and training among other training to identify plants, make a trap exercises, etc.            
  4. Among other survival equipment boxes, jungle knives, etc.
  5. Willingness to learn the steps to be taken if you or your group get lost:
    • Coordinate member
    • Perform first aid
    • Looking at the ability of members
    • Conduct field orientation
    • Hold a food rationing
    • Make a plan and division of tasks
    • Trying to connect the communication with the outside world
    • Create a trail and attention
    • Getting help    
                   
    # Hazards in survival
    There are so many dangers in survival that we will face, among others:
    • Tensions and panic and prevention, among others, frequent exercise, positive thinking and optimism, physical and mental preparation.
    • Disease include fever, dysentery, typhoid and malaria
    • Mental deterioration, the symptoms include weakness, lethargy, less able to think well, hysterical, and the cause is psychological, physical weakness and terrifying circumstances. Prevention: try to calm down and lots of practice.
    •  Danger of poisoning and toxic animals / poisonous.Symptoms: Dizziness and vomiting, abdominal pain and cramps, sometimes causing diarrhea, cramps throughout the body, can pass out. Causes: Food and drink poison. Prevention: salt in drinking water, drinking hot water bath soap, concentrated tea. 
    • hunger, blisters and extreme fatigue and its prevention, among others, eating calorie foods and restrict the activities 
    •  Sun or heat eg heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat stroke. Circumstances that increase the severity of hot conditions include acute / chronic, are recovering from illness, fever, acquire new vaccination, lack of sleep, fatigue, too fat, uneven skin disease, have experienced the sting of hot air, drinking alcohol, dehydration. and prevention hot conditions: acclimatization, water supply, reducing activity, salt. and loose clothing such as long sleeves, shorts and T-shirts.and Chills and decreased body temperature 30 ° C can cause death and therefore we should be able to make a bivouac (Shelter) aim to protect from wind, heat, rain, cold.

      "In order to survive in difficult situations, we must strive to meet our basic needs from what is available around us. Thus it is necessary to mastering the techniques of survival, including techniques to make fire, shelter making techniques, techniques to make traps, a technique to get water, make tracks and signaling techniques."

      1. Techniques to make a fire
       
      The fire not only serves to cook the food, but also serves to maintain our body temperature. In addition to the fireplace we can avoid the various animals. The beasts are afraid of fire, among others: wolves, tigers, and so on.
      To warm the body, the heat warms the body would be more effective if we make some small fires instead of creating a large fire. A good fireplace must be arranged so that the wood can burn evenly. With the preparation of a good fireplace can provide a variety of functions. In addition to warm, cook, also can be used as a tool resistance animals.
      To get a good fire, takes wood / material dry and flammable. A good fireplace usually starts from small twigs to be used as fire starter. To then be followed by the wood is greater. To get the fire in addition to using a special tool (matches), can also be done in the traditional way. Such as swipe-friction dry ingredients with the other dry ingredients. The location of the creation of a traditional fire which is in the form of rod and type of material / timber and the way he does. Sparks is an early stage in the manufacture of fire. Next is to try to capture the interest of fire with tinder or twigs and dry leaves.
       
       How this is done by banging or menggesekan two hard objects. Can be done in two similar objects or objects with two different types. Way that can be used vary, the important thing is it may cause sparks. One way is by nailing wooden plane that looked up to the head. Then the friction / knock, stone or metal nail heads towards it. Friction with a little depressed and rather quickly to cause sparks. Then the sparks can be captured with a dry husk and so forth.
       
      This method requires considerable manpower and strong. This way of utilizing the effect of heat caused by friction of wood. The method such as sawing wood with other wood, causing sparks. Usually the wood used is different between the wooden one with the other wood. The selected wood is soft wood, so it is not too hard in doing sawmill.
       
      Fire Thong is a way to get fire from a piece of bark or dried cane crosses drawn on a piece of dry wood or rattan. Rattan leather is wrapped around the tree a soft, then pulled by the right and left hand alternately. At the bottom are coir, tinder, or dried leaves are ready to catch the sparks.

      2. Techniques make the SHELTER
       
      Shelter is intended to protect survivors from natural influences, such as heat, rain, wind, and cold. This protection can be constructed from materials that are intentionally taken or from materials available in nature (wood, leaves, etc.).
      Things that need to be considered in the construction of shelters is: Do not build a shelter in a risky place inundated (flooded), such as a river. Although the place looked clean and dry, would be very dangerous when it comes to rain. Keep in manufacturing is not under a tree shelter which knaggy fragile or under palm trees. Because it can be harmful if branches brittle or coconuts that fall on our shelter. Not in a place that is suspected as a hotbed of wild animals or nests mosquito / insect. Because it can interfere with rest. Material for shelter must be strong and pengerjaannyapun best, because it will affect us in comfort.
      Examples of luggage that can be used as a shelter is a poncho or plastic measuring approximately 2 × 2 meters. Because the shelter is constructed from a plastic poncho or less perfect, and therefore in addition to memperhatkan four things above, need to consider the direction the wind is blowing. So that the direction the wind is blowing can be driven by the shelter we build. Examples of forms of shelter can be seen in pictures.
      natural bivouac
      natural bivouac
       
      Other forms of nature that can be used as a shelter of the cave, the curve of the cliff / rock deep enough, the holes in the ground, and others. When selecting the cave is believed that hope:
      1.  Cave nest is not an animal.
      2. The cave was not spewing toxic gas. The classic way to know is by using a torch. If the torch can be kept burning in the cave, the cave is safe from poisonous gases.
      3. The cave was freed from the danger of landslides.  
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